Einstein, having succeeded in developing his special theory of relativity and not being completely satisfied with the exclusion of accelerating inertial systems, went on to develop the general theory of relativity. Other physicist meanwhile developed quantum mechanics to account for the physical aspects of the newly discovered quantum fields. Einstein's general theory of relativity was devised while he was trying to understand the equality of inertial and gravitational mass. He starts out from a physical point of view of supposing a space completely devoid of matter or of electromagnetic field. In this space he proposes another reference system of space moving in uniform acceleration. It is not an inertial system; it is simply a moving space wherein a test mass would move with an acceleration independent of its physical significance. For instance, like a ball falling to the floor of a box being accelerated up into space that is far away from ponderable mass. He claims that this space cannot be distinguished from a gravitational field, it is equivalent to an inertial system. He extends this idea of the "principle of equivalence" to any relative motion of a reference system of four-dimensionally, non-linear transformation of the four co-ordinates corresponding to moving spaces. With the introduction of Riemann equations and conditions (tensor calculus) he describes in terms of functions of co-ordinates (Gik) the pure gravitational field by solutions of the gravitational equations. Einstein finally claims, like Descartes, there is no such thing as empty space, a space without a field; spacetime does not claim existence on its own, but only as a structural quality of the field. Einstein tried to conceive physical reality in the gravitational field equations of his general relativistic field theory, as described by the Minkowski's spacetime metric equations. He failed to do so, because he did not know, nor did he realize that space is quantized; and, each unit is in a state of expansion as spacetime proceeds, mass being a rotating energy of spacetronic motion.
Einstein was able to explain in great mathematical detail how mass affected spacetime, but in the final analyses he failed to explain why mass should affect spacetime. Just as Newton's model was unable to explain why mass should attract one another. Newton realized something was wrong with the idea of action at a distance without any intermediate intervention, for he said in affect, anyone in his right mind must realize there exist a fallacy, but he was unable to frame a hypothesis. Einstein didn't think about any intervening interference one way or another. He had already determined in his own mind that space was empty, and gravity was a spatial non-Euclidean condition of space, caused by the presence of mass. Because of this spatial condition the moon orbits the earth and the earth orbits the sun. Newton said that masses attract each another by a force that is proportional to the product of the gravitational mass of the two objects divided by the square of the distance between them. It is the simplest most uncomplicated statement one can make which enables calculating the force of what appears to be an attraction between two objects. It only says there is a force acting between the two objects; it does not say what that force is, or why there is a force between the objects in the first place. The force is entirely invisible, like Einstein's space with a ball in it, and according to Einstein's analysis, the force does not even exist if an object is all alone out in space far from ponderable mass in a box he is about to accelerate, until the box is accelerated. Nevertheless, even though Einstein says no gravitational force exists until an acceleration takes place, it does not mean that gravitation around the ball does not exist. Newton said; the gravitational mass is equal to the inertial mass, and Einstein agreed. A person must assume that even though no force is discernible it does not mean that it is not there. As a matter of fact, it is there, acting upon all the individual atoms, holding them together in molecular structures, which constitutes the object.
It only becomes detectable when that mass is acceleated. If an atom had flees and one jump up it would fall right back
down again toward the center of the atom, onto its surface; the same with molecules. Regardless of an objects size,
whether it be one atom or many atoms, it is the atoms that give an object its existence in the first place, and
consequently, its inertial mass. From this idea, one must conclude along with Einstein and Newton, gravitational
mass and inertial mass are one and the same thing. What is this force, this weight or inertia, that holds things together?
Thinking of these as different properties of matter, are they really two different properties, or the same property
expressed in different ways, depending on how they are measured? Physicist measures energy as being a particle in
one determination, and as being a wave in another measurement. What is the correlation between these two
measurements of gravity and inertia; this phenomena of nature?
Analyzing these conditions, gravitational mass measures
the strength of a force by which one object attracts another .
The misleading word in this statement is attracts. It must have
grated on Einstein's nerves because he became upset with the
idea that an inanimate thing could reach out across empty
space and grasp another object and drag it toward itself. His
solution was to suppose ponderable mass modified space in
such a way as to have another object relatively close by,
moving in a straight line, to follow a curved path toward its
center or if its velocity was such, to follow a path around it;
therefore, there was no attraction involved between objects,
just modified spatial aspects. He went to great lengths to
prove his point and finally did, with the aid of the tensor field theory.
What about inertia? Physicist say that inertial mass is the
measurement of the resistance an object offers to a change in
its state of motion. In the first place, according to Newton's
laws, a body will not move on its own volition, it remains in a
state of rest, if that be its state of being. This means that
inanimate objects have no power to determine action on their
own. It does not mean that an object has the power to resist
action on its own, it simply means it cannot act on its own.
Like the word attraction, resistancealso is an ambiguous
word. It certainly can be misleading because inanimate objects
have no power of their own to exercise any resistance, let
alone resist action in the sense that they can strive against
being moved; it simply means it takes power to move them.
Attraction and resistance, two words having ambiguous
meanings, trying to describe two very important aspects of
mass. If mass does not attract and does not resist, what do
people really mean to be relating concerning the properties of
mass using these ambiguous words? What in fact are these
properties? Can these properties have anything to do with
why it is difficult for one to view mass as both a particle and
a wave? On second thought, is the so called attraction and
resistance really properties of mass, or are they the result of
some other phenomena of nature, for instance, some action
emanating from space itself? When one ponders this
question, "What in fact are the properties of mass that causes
a person think that they exhibit attraction for one another, and
resists being moved by one another?" A person is beset with
prejudicial ideas they have been taught which makes them
respond, "What do you mean, what does one mean? Every
one knows what is meant." In reality, one never even thinks
about what is meant, for they draw upon their bias opinions.
Einstein says that the moon is not attracted to the earth,
it is simply moving in a straight line, even so, that straight
line is a curved space, a geodesic. It is a line that bends around
the earth. The solar system follows a geodesic around the
center of the galaxy. Einstein claims that the sun distorts
the space around it forming a deep well in space, therefore
the earth, which would normally travel a straight line
according to Newton's first law, follows the distorted line
which is a geodesic around the sun. Its centrifugal force keeps
it from falling into the well, created by the sun's distortion of
the space which curves around it. Newton says that the sun
and earth attract one another because mass attracts mass.
The sun being a larger mass creates the greatest attraction,
hence, the earth moves toward the sun. Furthermore, Newton
claimed: for every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction, therefore the earth, by exerting an opposite
reaction rotates around the sun; centrifugal force is a
fictitious notion. The Space Quantum Theory declares that
the sun and earth are held together by the expansion pressure
of the expanding space. Solar planets are being forced
toward the sun by the expansion of the sun's surrounding
spacetronic field which creates a tremendous pressure on to
sun's gasses, causing them to fuse. Planetary centrifugal
forces comes into play, the expansion force pushes them
back, counterbalancing this effect, creating the geodesic orbit.
The geometry of curved surfaces around mass, discovered
by Einstein, is a natural phenomena caused by the expansion
factor. The centrifugal force of the Earth follows the
geodesic around the sun, according to the Gik equations of
the tensor calculus theory that Einstein invented to explain the
phenomena, however, the equation needs the expabsion
factor. See Fig 21 -- below
For that matter, it can very well be that the centrifugal
force of the vibrating nucleus creates the electric field, the
positive, negative field due to the outward pressure created by
a centrifugal force between the proton and the expanding
spacetronic field. The field holding the unit in tact and feeding
it the energy to move. The electron is maintained by the
expanded spacetronic field resulting from the interplay
between the two fields, which generates the magnetic flux.
The neutron does not have this interplay because it is
protected by the electric field of the proton against the
expanding field and therefore it is a neutral energy. This of
course is only speculation that needs investigation.
The neutron, outside of the nucleus of the atom, creates
the electronic field in about 15 minutes by the interplay
between it and the expanding spacetronic field, whereupon,
it becomes a hydrogen atom. When the hydrogen atom looses
its electron shield it becomes a positive ion, a compressed
spacetronic well. This single proton lacks the energy to render
it neutral against the surrounding expanding field, and it is
what physicist call a positive electric charged field, a
compressed spacetronic field. A free electron, an expanded
spacetronic field, a negative charged field, when it comes close
to the proton, it is pushed into the proton field and the both
again become a hydrogen atom. A negative electric field,
moving in a wire creates a current of electricity. (It is
unfortunate that these fields were named in the reverse order
of the actions they perform by Ben Franklin; the proton should
have been the negative unit and the electron the positive unit,
since it is the unit that causes things to happen, like electricity
and lightning).
If, in reality, attraction and resistance are not the properties
of mass, then, it must be the interplay of the forces of space holding mass in one place in space, relavive to all other mass,
(realizing that the whole conlamerate of mass is in a constant motion throught the spacetronic field in the first place,) until
and unless it is forced to move through space by an outside force, for instance, the collision with another mass units. If mass has no power to move on its own, and this goes for all mass, what produces the force that moves mass? The only
other thing in existence besides mass and energy is space expansion energy, which brakes down into the impetus force that moves all energy and mass and the spacetronic pressure the holds all mass and energy together. Therefore, one must
conclude that the impetus force created by the expansion of spaceis real, and that it is the moving force responsible for individual action of the mass an energy particles. The universal spacetronic expanding field not only creates mass, it
also creates motion. It produce the impetus force which moves all energy while the expansion pressure maintains the unit as an integral entity! The phenomena one should be aware of is the fact that all things are in motion, in the first
place. Motion in the continuum of the galaxy as it moves though the universe, motion in the Solar System, and motion of the earth. When a person considers all ramifications of motion taking place he must ask the question, if mass cannot
move of its own volition, where does the motion come from? The answer simply is that it is created by spacetrons as they gives up energy in expanding. It is known that the universal space is in a state of expansion, in the first place, regardless of
what one thinks; it is the cause of the redshift. It seems logical to assume that the force of gravity is the result of the space expansion factor, pushing mass together, since energy is given up in the process of space expansion. However, in order for
space to have an affect on mass in its most elementary form, it must be ever so minutely quantized, as claimed by the Space Quantum Theory, the quantum of space being the spacetron.
In order to completely understand the principle of equivalence, we must recognize that the spacetronic field
exists in unit quanta having extension, in a state of expansion and contraction, and as the distance measured between
material bodies. Material bodies are made of contracted spacetronic strings held in sustained contractions by the
impetus force. Further, these supported contracted strings of space quanta form material bodies, units of electromagnetic
waves whoes motions rotate through the spacetronic field
surrounding them. The expansion pressure through and
around such mass bodies, both large and small, we called
gravity. It is the spacetronic expansion pressure that binds
mass together but it is the impetus force that moves objects
toward the eath's surface. The binding pressure diminishes as
the square of the distance between bodies, as they recede from
one another. Objects in a spaceship in a state of acceleration,
away from ponderable mass, feels this same force pressing
them to the floor of the ship. SQT agrees with Newton's
first law, that every body which is not subject to forces,
moves along a straight line at a constant speed unless forced
to do otherwise. The frame in which the body moves must be
considered an inertial frame; that is, space is discernible by its
forces and the dimensions existing between inertial bodies.
The dimensionality can only be discernible, if permitted that
the means by which it can recognize other inertial bodies, is
by transferred energy generated between them. In this
respect, since other inertial bodies are discerned by means of
an electromagnetic energy, it must be assume that
electromagnetic motion is of a constant of nature. This means
that its velocity per second,is the same between inertial
bodies, and that its measured motion is the same for all inertial
frames. Assuming that the electromagnetic wave velocity is
C, and is constant for all inertial frames, then, it is capable of
being used to determine the distance between objects and
particularly celestial objects. Thus, one is able to say, for
instance, the sun is eight minutes away from earth since it
takes light, which is one of the electromagnetic waves used to
see it, needs eight minutes to travel the distance from the sun
to the earth. Since light moves independent of its source, and
is measured at the same specific rate of speed in vacuo
between inertial forces, a person can discern the nature of
space itself as being considered an inertial frame vibrating at
C^2. This means that space is capable of receiving, transmitting, and giving up such independent energy, the same way mass is capable of receiving, utilizing, and giving up radiant energy. In this same manner, space is capable ofsupporting mass as an independent energy and transporting itthrough the spacetronic field.
Mass moves through the inertial frame of space by means of spacetronic energy, in relationship to other independent inertial mass observers. These other mass observers are being supported by this same spacetronic energy field that the Space Quantum Theory claims is the spacetronic force of expansion. It creates and maintains all mass and energy, in the first place,
via the existence of the expanding space quanta. In this respect, one must consider space as a five dimensional lectromagnetic field that exists as a standing wave of quantized expansion pressure and force, existing around and between the masses. It vibrates at the speed of light squared, holding mass together by what can be term a high frequency energy, the impetus force acts below the atomic
level of energy and expansion pressure acts above the atomic level of energy. The spacetronic field is also the vehicle of
force that transmits all other electromagnetic waves between inertial masses.
One must, therefore, recognize that all physical laws must
be expressed in forms which are necessarily independent
of any coordinate frame of reference, by which physical
space is defined. In other words, physical laws are identical
for all inertial forces, therefore, all observers will be
regarded as equivalent, and will arrive at identical
conclusions by employing the same physical laws that
concern the growth and developments of their inertial system.
The fact that unified gravitational fields exist around all
inertial systems, regardless of their size or motions, stems
from the fact that the gyroscopic spasons, and, consequently,
quarks, which form the hadrons, are supported and sustained
by the universal spacetronic expanding field pressure and
impetus force. Subsequently, any motion of an inertial system
can be considered the motion produced by the impetus field,
regardless of its size or shape. For instance, in a rocket ship
away from ponderable mass, there exists in the space around
the mass of the ship a gravitational field, and regardless of the
ships motion it can be considered at rest in relationship to its
gravitational field. As long as the ship remains unaccelerated,
all the things not permanently attached to the ship will have an
independent gravitational field, sharing the ships original
motion into space. These items can consider themselves at
rest in relationship with their own gravitational field. The
expansion forces between loose items and the ship can be
considered negligible. Take note that Newton's first law is in
affect in this situation. Now suppose the ship to be
accelerated and consider the rear of the ship to be the floor of
a room. Under a condition of constant acceleration things not
attached to the ship do not share the ships acceleration, and
consequently, remain at rest in their own gravitational field.
This is in accordance with Newton's first Law. As a
consequence, and because the ship is accelerating, the loose
things in the ship appear to fall to the floor, simultaneously.
Items fall to the floor of the ship with a force equal to the
mass of the falling object times the acceleration of the ship.
This is in accordance with Newton's second law. Take note
that Newton's third law is in affect due to the rockets rearward
thrust relative to the forward motion of the ship. Now
suppose a rope hangs from the ceiling of the room and hooked
to the end of this rope is a 10 pound weight; the rope
becomes taut. The magnitude of the tension on the rope
equals the mass, which equals 10 pounds times the
acceleration of the ship. Again Newton's second law. F = M
A So one understands the situation, suppose there is another
5 pound weight hooked to another rope hanging from the
ceiling of the room. There is less tension on this second
rope than there is on the first, meaning that the tension on the
rope equals 5 pounds times the acceleration of the ship.
Consequently, one is aware of the fact that the tension on the
rope depends on the quantity of mass that hangs on the hooks
at the ends of the ropes. The force creating the tension on the
ropes is equal to the weight of the objects hooked to the ends
of the ropes, times the acceleration of the ship. F = M A
Now, the two weights are unhooked, and held at the same
level above the floor before letting them go. As soon as they
are released they become independent items, not sharing in
the acceleration of the ship. They both appear to drop to the
bottom of the room striking the floor, simultaneously. Even
though their weights are different, they appear to fall to the
floor at the same time. Accually they do not fall rather the
accelerating ship moves up to the free floating objects.
Nonetheless, one could just as well imagine that the ship is
at rest, hovering above the earth, and that the tension on the
ropes equals the mass, times the acceleration of the
gravitational field. The force of the gravitation holds all
molecules together on the earth, which impresses all individual
items toward the center of the earth. Of course, one should
realize that it is the universal spacetronic expanding field's
impetus force that creates the motion, and, therefore, the
force of the gravational field of the earth, in the first place.
One must conclude that the inertial mass of the objects in the
experiment, meaning their resistance to motion is caused by
the expanding field's pressure, holding them in place. The
tension on the ropes in the space ship is created by the force
of the ship's acceleration times the inertia of the mass, this
inertia is generated by the expansion pressure, while the ship
is in space away from the earth. This same tension on the
ropes is created by the gravitational force while the ship
hovers above the earth, again the force is generated by the
corresponding expansion and impetus force. The identical
condition creates a similar effect on earth as in space. The fact
that items fall to the floor of the ship, simultaneously, whether
or not the ship is accelerated in space or resting on earth tells
us that the force of acceleration is the same as the force of
gravity, proving the principle of equivilence. The important
idea to realize concerning the SQT is that in both cases it is
the expansion of the space of the universe that creates the
effect on the items in both cases. Restraining them in creating
their inertia mass on the ship in space due to the expansion
pressure, then creating their weight or heaviness, when the
ship accelerates. When the ship is hovering above the earth,
the gravitational force is respancible, such force generated by
the expansion and impetus force of the spacetronic field.
However, when the objects are released in the ship on earth,
it is the impetus force generated by the spacetronic expansion
that forces the objects to the floor. This force is applied
individually to the spasons at the core of the objects,therefore, regarless of their different weights both objects are
forced to the floor simaltainiosly.
The SQT requires an adjustment to Mach's Principle, since
it is not only the large-scale distribution of mass, per se, that
controls the dynamics of the universe and its affect on
local physical motions; it is the expansion of the space quanta
whose expansion really controls the dynamics of physical
phenomena. Regardless, it must be admitted that the
wide-scale distribution of mass does play an important roll,
however. The contraction of the space quanta which forms
the galaxies in the clusters, facilitates in permitting this
expansion process to take place; that is, through the quid
pro quo relationship between the contraction of the quanta
forming galactic nuclei and the expansion of the space quanta
that creates the impetus force. One must, therefore, recognize
that in a round about way the principle does aid local
gravitational affects, not due to any attracting force of
galaxies, rather, it aids in the dynamic expansion forces of
space itself. This idea is reiterated in order to bring forth the
idea that electromagnetic hot spots, quasars, and galaxies
that exist vast distances away from earth, are not rushing
away due to the expansion of the universe; any more than
the Milky Way is moving away from them at those fantastic
speeds. People on those galaxies would have to conclude, the
Milky Way is moving away from them at those fantastic
speeds, also, since they must receive the Milky Way's star
light with the same redshift. Once the true cause of the
redshift is learned, then, the realization that these units are not
rushing away from one another with speeds approaching the
speed of light, can be comprehend. If it were true that the
far off units are rushing away at a speed almost reaching the
speed of light, determined by the redshift reckoning, then, as
they look back toward the Milky Way, they too would have
every right to say that it is this galaxy that is speeding away
from them, since the laws of physics applies to all observers
in the same manner. Therefore, one must look for another
reason why a person sees a redshift in the light coming from
those distant units.
It is the loss of the energy of the universal spacetronic
expanding field in the adiabatic process, due to the
expansion factor of the field, which spreads out the
wavelength over a period of time, giving a redshift to the
light coming from those distant celestial units, according
to the SQT. The greater the distance away, which is to say
the longer that light travels in time, the greater the redshift
that occurs in the light wave, since the loss to the field
becomes greater as time goes on. The build up of the
background noise indicating a temperature of 3 K is the result of this loss of energy to the field, also, supposing that before the beginning of time the fields temperature was 0-degree K. This brings up an interesting point. The universe
must exist in an electromagnetic sea that absorbs and reflects energy back into the field, hence, the microwave
background noise heard in the radio. What this really means is
that infinity acts as a buffer which neutralizes all the various
electromagnetic waves not absorbed by any other method that
emanates from all the galaxies in the universe, in other words it is the temperature of the universe!
Cosmology is the investigation and study of the universe
as a whole. It deals with the discovery and motion of
celestial units as gleaned with various optical and radio
instruments employed in these investigations. As a person
looks out into the universe they should become cognizant of
the fact that they are looking back into the past times of the
universe, and from all indications mass is an evolving
happening in the cosmos in which the features have changed
over billions of years. Cosmologists have become aware
that the creation must have developed in stages, to have
arrive in the present state of being. From all indications, as
well as reasonable considerations, the way nature operates,
one is persuaded that the universe, as seen today, had a
beginning. This is not to say that some other types or kind of
universe does not exist or did not exist before this one
came into being, nonetheless, from this experiment, if one
wants to view the universe that way, it does appear the
universe did have a beginning. Cosmologist calculate this
beginning to have occurred 20 billion of years ago and has
gradually evolved from radiant energy to mass.
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